如何设置所有轴(x、y、z)的“相等”纵横比
- 2025-02-17 09:25:00
- admin 原创
- 95
问题描述:
当我为 3D 图形设置相等纵横比时,它z-axis
不会变为“相等”。因此:
fig = pylab.figure()
mesFig = fig.gca(projection='3d', adjustable='box')
mesFig.axis('equal')
mesFig.plot(xC, yC, zC, 'r.')
mesFig.plot(xO, yO, zO, 'b.')
pyplot.show()
给我以下内容:
显然 z 轴的单位长度不等于 x 和 y 单位。
如何使三个轴的单位长度相等?我找到的所有解决方案都不起作用。
解决方案 1:
我喜欢之前发布的一些解决方案,但它们确实有一个缺点,即您需要跟踪所有数据的范围和平均值。如果您有多个要一起绘制的数据集,这可能会很麻烦。为了解决这个问题,我利用了这些ax.get_[xyz]lim3d()
方法,并将整个过程放入一个独立函数中,该函数在您调用之前只能调用一次plt.show()
。这是新版本:
from mpl_toolkits.mplot3d import Axes3D
from matplotlib import cm
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np
def set_axes_equal(ax):
"""
Make axes of 3D plot have equal scale so that spheres appear as spheres,
cubes as cubes, etc.
Input
ax: a matplotlib axis, e.g., as output from plt.gca().
"""
x_limits = ax.get_xlim3d()
y_limits = ax.get_ylim3d()
z_limits = ax.get_zlim3d()
x_range = abs(x_limits[1] - x_limits[0])
x_middle = np.mean(x_limits)
y_range = abs(y_limits[1] - y_limits[0])
y_middle = np.mean(y_limits)
z_range = abs(z_limits[1] - z_limits[0])
z_middle = np.mean(z_limits)
# The plot bounding box is a sphere in the sense of the infinity
# norm, hence I call half the max range the plot radius.
plot_radius = 0.5*max([x_range, y_range, z_range])
ax.set_xlim3d([x_middle - plot_radius, x_middle + plot_radius])
ax.set_ylim3d([y_middle - plot_radius, y_middle + plot_radius])
ax.set_zlim3d([z_middle - plot_radius, z_middle + plot_radius])
fig = plt.figure()
ax = fig.add_subplot(projection="3d")
# Use this for matplotlib prior to 3.3.0 only.
#ax.set_aspect("equal")
#
# Use this for matplotlib 3.3.0 and later.
# https://github.com/matplotlib/matplotlib/pull/17515
ax.set_box_aspect([1.0, 1.0, 1.0])
X = np.random.rand(100)*10+5
Y = np.random.rand(100)*5+2.5
Z = np.random.rand(100)*50+25
scat = ax.scatter(X, Y, Z)
set_axes_equal(ax)
plt.show()
解决方案 2:
我认为 matplotlib 尚未正确设置 3D 中的等轴...但我前段时间发现了一个技巧(我不记得在哪里了),并已将其改编为使用它。这个概念是在数据周围创建一个假的立方边界框。您可以使用以下代码对其进行测试:
from mpl_toolkits.mplot3d import Axes3D
from matplotlib import cm
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np
fig = plt.figure()
ax = fig.add_subplot(projection='3d')
ax.set_aspect('equal')
X = np.random.rand(100)*10+5
Y = np.random.rand(100)*5+2.5
Z = np.random.rand(100)*50+25
scat = ax.scatter(X, Y, Z)
# Create cubic bounding box to simulate equal aspect ratio
max_range = np.array([X.max()-X.min(), Y.max()-Y.min(), Z.max()-Z.min()]).max()
Xb = 0.5*max_range*np.mgrid[-1:2:2,-1:2:2,-1:2:2][0].flatten() + 0.5*(X.max()+X.min())
Yb = 0.5*max_range*np.mgrid[-1:2:2,-1:2:2,-1:2:2][1].flatten() + 0.5*(Y.max()+Y.min())
Zb = 0.5*max_range*np.mgrid[-1:2:2,-1:2:2,-1:2:2][2].flatten() + 0.5*(Z.max()+Z.min())
# Comment or uncomment following both lines to test the fake bounding box:
for xb, yb, zb in zip(Xb, Yb, Zb):
ax.plot([xb], [yb], [zb], 'w')
plt.grid()
plt.show()
z 数据比 x 和 y 大约一个数量级,但即使使用等轴选项,matplotlib 也会自动缩放 z 轴:
但是如果添加边界框,您将获得正确的缩放比例:
解决方案 3:
简单修复!
我已经设法在 3.3.1 版本中让它运行起来。
看起来这个问题可能已在PR#17172中得到解决;您可以使用该ax.set_box_aspect([1,1,1])
函数来确保方面正确(请参阅set_aspect函数的注释)。当与 @karlo 和/或 @Matee Ulhaq 提供的边界框函数结合使用时,绘图现在在 3D 中看起来是正确的!
最小工作示例
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import mpl_toolkits.mplot3d
import numpy as np
# Functions from @Mateen Ulhaq and @karlo
def set_axes_equal(ax: plt.Axes):
"""Set 3D plot axes to equal scale.
Make axes of 3D plot have equal scale so that spheres appear as
spheres and cubes as cubes. Required since `ax.axis('equal')`
and `ax.set_aspect('equal')` don't work on 3D.
"""
limits = np.array([
ax.get_xlim3d(),
ax.get_ylim3d(),
ax.get_zlim3d(),
])
origin = np.mean(limits, axis=1)
radius = 0.5 * np.max(np.abs(limits[:, 1] - limits[:, 0]))
_set_axes_radius(ax, origin, radius)
def _set_axes_radius(ax, origin, radius):
x, y, z = origin
ax.set_xlim3d([x - radius, x + radius])
ax.set_ylim3d([y - radius, y + radius])
ax.set_zlim3d([z - radius, z + radius])
# Generate and plot a unit sphere
u = np.linspace(0, 2*np.pi, 100)
v = np.linspace(0, np.pi, 100)
x = np.outer(np.cos(u), np.sin(v)) # np.outer() -> outer vector product
y = np.outer(np.sin(u), np.sin(v))
z = np.outer(np.ones(np.size(u)), np.cos(v))
fig = plt.figure()
ax = fig.add_subplot(projection='3d')
ax.plot_surface(x, y, z)
ax.set_box_aspect([1,1,1]) # IMPORTANT - this is the new, key line
# ax.set_proj_type('ortho') # OPTIONAL - default is perspective (shown in image above)
set_axes_equal(ax) # IMPORTANT - this is also required
plt.show()
解决方案 4:
我利用set_x/y/zlim
函数简化了Remy F 的解决方案。
from mpl_toolkits.mplot3d import Axes3D
from matplotlib import cm
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np
fig = plt.figure()
ax = fig.add_subplot(projection='3d')
ax.set_aspect('equal')
X = np.random.rand(100)*10+5
Y = np.random.rand(100)*5+2.5
Z = np.random.rand(100)*50+25
scat = ax.scatter(X, Y, Z)
max_range = np.array([X.max()-X.min(), Y.max()-Y.min(), Z.max()-Z.min()]).max() / 2.0
mid_x = (X.max()+X.min()) * 0.5
mid_y = (Y.max()+Y.min()) * 0.5
mid_z = (Z.max()+Z.min()) * 0.5
ax.set_xlim(mid_x - max_range, mid_x + max_range)
ax.set_ylim(mid_y - max_range, mid_y + max_range)
ax.set_zlim(mid_z - max_range, mid_z + max_range)
plt.show()
解决方案 5:
从 matplotlib 3.3.0 开始,Axes3D.set_box_aspect似乎是推荐的方法。
import numpy as np
xs, ys, zs = <your data>
ax = <your axes>
# Option 1: aspect ratio is 1:1:1 in data space
ax.set_box_aspect((np.ptp(xs), np.ptp(ys), np.ptp(zs)))
# Option 2: aspect ratio 1:1:1 in view space
ax.set_box_aspect((1, 1, 1))
解决方案 6:
改编自@karlo 的回答,使事情变得更加清晰:
def set_axes_equal(ax: plt.Axes):
"""Set 3D plot axes to equal scale.
Make axes of 3D plot have equal scale so that spheres appear as
spheres and cubes as cubes. Required since `ax.axis('equal')`
and `ax.set_aspect('equal')` don't work on 3D.
"""
limits = np.array([
ax.get_xlim3d(),
ax.get_ylim3d(),
ax.get_zlim3d(),
])
origin = np.mean(limits, axis=1)
radius = 0.5 * np.max(np.abs(limits[:, 1] - limits[:, 0]))
_set_axes_radius(ax, origin, radius)
def _set_axes_radius(ax, origin, radius):
x, y, z = origin
ax.set_xlim3d([x - radius, x + radius])
ax.set_ylim3d([y - radius, y + radius])
ax.set_zlim3d([z - radius, z + radius])
用法:
fig = plt.figure()
ax = fig.add_subplot(projection='3d')
ax.set_aspect('equal') # important!
# ...draw here...
set_axes_equal(ax) # important!
plt.show()
编辑:由于 中合并了更改(已在和 中pull-request #13474
跟踪),此答案不适用于较新版本的 Matplotlib 。作为此问题的临时解决方法,可以删除 中新添加的行:issue #17172
`issue #1077`lib/matplotlib/axes/_base.py
class _AxesBase(martist.Artist):
...
def set_aspect(self, aspect, adjustable=None, anchor=None, share=False):
...
+ if (not cbook._str_equal(aspect, 'auto')) and self.name == '3d':
+ raise NotImplementedError(
+ 'It is not currently possible to manually set the aspect '
+ 'on 3D axes')
解决方案 7:
从 matplotlib 3.6.0 开始,此功能已通过命令
添加ax.set_aspect('equal')
。其他选项包括'equalxy'
、'equalxz'
和'equalyz'
,用于仅将两个方向设置为相等的纵横比。这会更改数据限制,如下例所示。
在即将推出的 3.7.0 版本中,您将能够通过命令更改绘图框纵横比而不是数据限制ax.set_aspect('equal', adjustable='box')
。要获取原始行为,请使用adjustable='datalim'
。
解决方案 8:
编辑: user2525140 的代码应该可以完美运行,尽管这个答案据说试图修复一个不存在的错误。下面的答案只是一个重复的(替代)实现:
def set_aspect_equal_3d(ax):
"""Fix equal aspect bug for 3D plots."""
xlim = ax.get_xlim3d()
ylim = ax.get_ylim3d()
zlim = ax.get_zlim3d()
from numpy import mean
xmean = mean(xlim)
ymean = mean(ylim)
zmean = mean(zlim)
plot_radius = max([abs(lim - mean_)
for lims, mean_ in ((xlim, xmean),
(ylim, ymean),
(zlim, zmean))
for lim in lims])
ax.set_xlim3d([xmean - plot_radius, xmean + plot_radius])
ax.set_ylim3d([ymean - plot_radius, ymean + plot_radius])
ax.set_zlim3d([zmean - plot_radius, zmean + plot_radius])
解决方案 9:
我认为自从这些答案发布以来,这个功能就被添加到了 matplotlib 中。如果有人仍在寻找解决方案,我是这样做的:
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np
fig = plt.figure(figsize=plt.figaspect(1)*2)
ax = fig.add_subplot(projection='3d', proj_type='ortho')
X = np.random.rand(100)
Y = np.random.rand(100)
Z = np.random.rand(100)
ax.scatter(X, Y, Z, color='b')
代码的关键部分是figsize=plt.figaspect(1)
将图形的纵横比设置为 1 x 1。*2
之后figaspect(1)
将图形缩放两倍。您可以将此缩放因子设置为您想要的任何值。
注意:这仅适用于只有一个图的图形。
解决方案 10:
看起来:
ax.set_aspect('equal')
有效,但请注意,仅在所有绘图完成后才执行此指令。代码会根据已使用的范围修改绘图的限制,因此如果子绘图不完整,则不会计算准确的限制。
文档:mpl_toolkits.mplot3d.axes3d.Axes3D.set_aspect
尽管每个轴的范围差别很大,但黑色的三个单位向量具有相同的长度。
使用的代码
看看代码很有趣。
绘图使用的范围是通过调用
get_view_interval()
通过调用来设置新的方面
set_box_aspect(box_aspect)
view_intervals = np.array([self.xaxis.get_view_interval(),
self.yaxis.get_view_interval(),
self.zaxis.get_view_interval()])
ptp = np.ptp(view_intervals, axis=1)
if self._adjustable == 'datalim':
...
else: # 'box'
# Change the box aspect such that the ratio of the length of
# the unmodified axis to the length of the diagonal
# perpendicular to it remains unchanged.
box_aspect = np.array(self._box_aspect)
box_aspect[ax_indices] = ptp[ax_indices]
remaining_ax_indices = {0, 1, 2}.difference(ax_indices)
if remaining_ax_indices:
remaining = remaining_ax_indices.pop()
old_diag = np.linalg.norm(self._box_aspect[ax_indices])
new_diag = np.linalg.norm(box_aspect[ax_indices])
box_aspect[remaining] *= new_diag / old_diag
self.set_box_aspect(box_aspect)
例子
对应上图的代码。
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
# Convert a point array to arrays of x, y and z coords
def split_xyz(points):
_p = np.asarray(points)
return _p[:,0], _p[:,1], _p[:,2]
# Origin
o = np.array([0,0,0])
# Vectors
u = np.array([3,3,1])
v = np.array([0,0.2,1.2])
# Projection of v onto u
n = np.linalg.norm(u)
p = u.dot(v) / n**2 * u
# Projection of v onto plane normal to u
w = v - p
# Figure
kw = dict(figsize=(7,7), layout='constrained')
fig = plt.figure(**kw)
mosaic = [['3d']]
kw = {'3d': dict(projection = '3d')}
axs = fig.subplot_mosaic(mosaic, per_subplot_kw=kw)
ax = axs['3d']
# Plot origin
ax.scatter([0],[0],[0], s=50, c='k')
ax.set_xlabel('x')
ax.set_ylabel('y')
ax.set_zlabel('z')
# Plot unit vectors
units = [(1,0,0), (0,1,0),(0,0,1)]
for _v in units: ax.plot(*split_xyz([o, _v]), c='k')
# Plot vectors
for _v, label in zip([u,v], ['u','v']):
ax.plot(*split_xyz([o, _v]), label=label, lw=2)
# Plot projections
for _v, label in zip([p,w], ['p','w']):
ax.plot(*split_xyz([o, _v]), label=label, lw=4, alpha=0.5)
# Plot projection lines
for _v in [p, w]: ax.plot(*split_xyz([v, _v]), c='darkgray', ls='--')
# Add legend
ax.legend()
ax.set_aspect('equal')
解决方案 11:
暂时
ax.set_aspect('equal')
引发错误(3.5.1
Anaconda 版本)。ax.set_aspect('auto',adjustable='datalim')
也没有给出令人信服的解决方案。精益的工作
ax.set_box_aspect((asx,asy,asz))
似乎asx, asy, asz = np.ptp(X), np.ptp(Y), np.ptp(Z)
是可行的(参见我的代码片段)让我们希望@Scott 提到的具有上述功能的版本
3.7
能够很快成功。
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from mpl_toolkits.mplot3d import Axes3D
#---- generate data
nn = 100
X = np.random.randn(nn)*20 + 0
Y = np.random.randn(nn)*50 + 30
Z = np.random.randn(nn)*10 + -5
#---- check aspect ratio
asx, asy, asz = np.ptp(X), np.ptp(Y), np.ptp(Z)
fig = plt.figure(figsize=(15,15))
ax = fig.add_subplot(projection='3d')
#---- set box aspect ratio
ax.set_box_aspect((asx,asy,asz))
scat = ax.scatter(X, Y, Z, c=X+Y+Z, s=500, alpha=0.8)
ax.set_xlabel('X-axis'); ax.set_ylabel('Y-axis'); ax.set_zlabel('Z-axis')
plt.show()
扫码咨询,免费领取项目管理大礼包!